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Cork city was once fully walled, and the remnants of the old medieval town centre can be found around South and North Main streets. The third largest city by population on the island of Ireland , the city's cognomen of "the rebel city" originates in its support for the Yorkist cause in the Wars of the Roses.

Cork was originally a monastic settlement, reputedly founded by Saint Finbarr in the 6th century. The city's charter was granted by Prince John , as Lord of Ireland , in Neighbouring Gaelic and Hiberno-Norman lords extorted "Black Rent" from the citizens to keep them from attacking the city.


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The present extent of the city has exceeded the medieval boundaries of the Barony of Cork City ; it now takes in much of the neighbouring Barony of Cork. Together, these baronies are located between the Barony of Barrymore to the east, Muskerry East to the west and Kerrycurrihy to the south. The city's municipal government was dominated by about 12—15 merchant families, whose wealth came from overseas trade with continental Europe — in particular the export of wool and hides and the import of salt, iron and wine.

The medieval population of Cork was about 2, people. It suffered a severe blow in when almost half the townspeople died of plague when the Black Death arrived in the town. The then mayor of Cork and several important citizens went with Warbeck to England but when the rebellion collapsed they were all captured and executed.

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The title of Mayor of Cork was established by royal charter in , and the title was changed to Lord Mayor in following the knighthood of the incumbent mayor by Queen Victoria on her visit to the city. O'Brien published a third local newspaper, the Cork Free Press. Cork was overtaken by Belfast as Ireland's second largest city in the nineteenth-century.

In the War of Independence , the centre of Cork was burnt down by the British Black and Tans , [19] in an event known as the " Burning of Cork " [19] and saw fierce fighting between Irish guerrillas and UK forces. During the Irish Civil War , Cork was for a time held by anti- Treaty forces, until it was retaken by the pro-Treaty National Army in an attack from the sea. Cork lies in plant Hardiness zone 9b.

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Cork Airport records an average of 1, The low altitude of the city, and moderating influences of the harbour, mean that lying snow very rarely occurs in the city itself. There are on average "rainy" days a year over 0.


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  • Despite this, however, Cork is also one of Ireland's sunniest cities, with an average of 3. Important elements in the cultural life of the city are: Corcadorca Theatre Company , of which Cillian Murphy was a troupe member [26] prior to Hollywood fame; the Institute for Choreography and Dance, a national contemporary dance resource; [27] the Triskel Arts Centre capacity c.

    The Everyman Palace Theatre capacity c. Ranging in capacity from 50 to 1,, the main music venues in the city are the Cork Opera House capacity c. Additions to the arts infrastructure include modern additions to the Crawford Municipal Art Gallery and renovations to the Cork Opera House in the early 21st century. The guide described Cork as being "at the top of its game: sophisticated, vibrant and diverse".

    Some Corkonians view themselves as different from the rest of Ireland, and refer to themselves as "The Rebels"; the county is known as the Rebel County. This view sometimes manifests itself in humorous references to the Real Capital and the sale of T-shirts with light-hearted banners celebrating The People's Republic of Cork. The city has many local traditions in food, including crubeens , tripe and drisheen , which were historically served in eating houses like that run by Katty Barry in the midth century.

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    During certain city festivals, food stalls are also sometimes erected on city streets such as St. Patrick's Street or Grand Parade. The Cork accent, part of the Southwest dialect of Hiberno-English , displays various features which set it apart from other accents in Ireland. Patterns of tone and intonation often rise and fall, with the overall tone tending to be more high-pitched than other Irish accents. English spoken in Cork has a number of dialect words that are peculiar to the city and environs.

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    Like standard Hiberno-English , some of these words originate from the Irish language, but others through other languages Cork's inhabitants encountered at home and abroad. Communicorp Media opened a radio studio in in the city covering content on both Today FM and Newstalk. Today some small pirates stations remain. Cork is home to one of Ireland's main national newspapers, the Irish Examiner formerly the Cork Examiner. Its 'sister paper', The Echo formerly the Evening Echo , was for decades connected to the "Echo boys", who were poor and often homeless children who sold the newspaper.

    Today, the shouts of the vendors selling the Echo can still be heard in parts of the city centre. One of the biggest free newspapers in the city is the Cork Independent. Cork features architecturally notable buildings originating from the Medieval to Modern periods. There are two cathedrals in the city; St. St Mary's Cathedral, often referred to as the North Cathedral, is the Catholic cathedral of the city and was begun in Its distinctive tower was added in the s. It is built on the foundations of an earlier cathedral.

    Work began in and ended in under the direction of architect William Burges. Patrick's Street , the main street of the city which was remodelled in the mids, is known for the architecture of the buildings along its pedestrian-friendly route and is the main shopping thoroughfare. At its northern end is a landmark statue of Father Mathew.

    The reason for its curved shape is that it was originally a channel of the River Lee which was built over on arches. The English circus proprietor Pablo Fanque rebuilt an amphitheatre on the spot in , which was subsequently transformed into a theatre and then into the present General Post Office in The old financial centre is the South Mall , with several banks whose interior derive from the 19th century, such as the Allied Irish Bank 's which was once an exchange. Many of the city's buildings are in the Georgian style , although there are a number of examples of modern landmark structures, such as County Hall tower, which was, at one time the tallest building in Ireland [48] until being superseded by another Cork City building: The Elysian.

    Outside the County Hall is the landmark sculpture of two men, known locally as 'Cha and Miah'. Across the river from County Hall is Ireland's longest building; [49] built in Victorian times, Our Lady's Psychiatric Hospital has now been partially renovated and converted into a residential housing complex called Atkins Hall, after its architect William Atkins. Cork's most famous building is the church tower of Shandon , which dominates the North side of the city.

    It is widely regarded as the symbol of the city. The North and East sides are faced in red sandstone, and the West and South sides are clad in the predominant stone of the region, white limestone. At the top sits a weather vane in the form of an eleven-foot salmon. Cork City Hall , another notable building of limestone, replaced the previous one which was destroyed by the Black and Tans during the War of Independence in an event known as the " Burning of Cork ".

    This covered market traces its origins back to , and the present building dates from Parks and amenity spaces include Fitzgerald's Park to the west of the city which contains the Cork Public Museum , the angling lake known as The Lough , Bishop Lucey Park which is centrally located and contains a portion of the old city wall and the Marina and Atlantic Pond an avenue and amenity near Blackrock used by joggers, runners and rowing clubs.

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    Up until April , there were also two large commercial breweries in the city. This brewery also produces Heineken for the Irish market. There is also the Franciscan Well brewery, which started as an independent brewery in but has since been acquired by Coors.

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    With a population of approximately ,, [3] Cork is the second-most populous city in the State and the 16th-most populous area of local government. While local government in Ireland has limited powers in comparison with other countries, the council has responsibility for planning, roads, sanitation, libraries, street lighting, parks, and a number of other important functions. Cork City Council has 31 elected members representing six electoral areas. A new Lord Mayor of Cork is chosen in a vote by the elected members of the council under a D'Hondt system count.

    Cork City Hall is located along Albert Quay on the south side of the city. It officially opened on 8 September , following the previous building being destroyed in the " Burning of Cork " in The administrative offices for Cork County Council are also located within the city limits, on the Carrigrohane Road on the west side of the city.

    In , cabinet approval was given for an extension of the Cork City Council boundary, to include Cork Airport , Douglas , Ballincollig and other surrounding areas. The retail trade in Cork city includes a mix of modern shopping centres and family owned local shops. Cork's main shopping street is St. Patrick's Street and is the most expensive street in the country per sq. The area was impacted by the post downturn , though retail growth has increased since, with Penneys announcing expansion plans in , [77] redesigning of some facades on the street, [78] and opening of newer outlets, including Superdry in Cork is home to some of the country's leading department stores with the foundations of shops such as Dunnes Stores and the former Roches Stores being laid in the city.

    Cork City is a hub of industry in the region. Cork is also the European headquarters of Apple Inc.